一、仲裁条款定义

仲裁协议是当事人约定将现有或未来争议提交仲裁的合意，是仲裁程序的基石，主要分为以下两类：

（1）提交协议

提交协议是指“当事人在争议已实际发生后，约定将该特定争议提交仲裁的协议”。这类协议在实践中 “相对罕见”，原因在于争议发生后，当事人往往因利益对立，难以就 “如何解决争议” 达成新合意 —— 双方可能在 “是否仲裁”“仲裁机构选择”“仲裁员资质” 等关键问题上僵持不下，最终仍需通过诉讼途径解决争议。

（2）仲裁条款

仲裁条款是“当事人在签订基础合同时（如买卖合同、投资协议），约定将未来可能发生的与合同相关的争议提交仲裁的条款”，通常作为合同的争议解决条款存在。多数国际仲裁源于商事合同中的仲裁条款：一方面，交易时当事人仍处于合作状态，更容易就争议解决方式达成共识；另一方面，仲裁条款能 “提前锁定争议解决路径”，避免未来争议发生后因程序分歧延误解决。ⁱ

不过，仲裁条款常被当作“深夜条款（Midnight Clauses）”—— 即合同谈判末期仓促敲定的条款。此时当事人多聚焦价格、付款、交货等核心商业条款，容易忽视仲裁条款的细节设计，进而导致条款存在缺陷，最终可能使仲裁协议归于无效。

二、国内法律规定

（1）根据《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第十六、十七、十八条规定，仲裁条款合法有效性需满足以下要件：

①仲裁协议应当具有下列内容：（一）请求仲裁的意思表示；（二）仲裁事项；（三）选定的仲裁委员会。

②如果仲裁协议存在如下情形之一，则仲裁协议无效：（1）约定的仲裁事项超出法律规定的仲裁范围的；（2）无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人订立的仲裁协议；（3）一方采取胁迫手段，迫使对方订立仲裁协议的。

③仲裁协议对仲裁事项或者仲裁委员会没有约定或者约定不明确的，当事人可以补充协议；达不成补充协议的，仲裁协议无效。

（2）《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国仲裁法〉若干问题的解释》进一步细化了相关规定。

①仲裁协议仅约定纠纷适用的仲裁规则的，视为未约定仲裁机构，但当事人达成补充协议或者按照约定的仲裁规则能够确定仲裁机构的除外。

②仲裁协议约定两个以上仲裁机构的，当事人可以协议选择其中的一个仲裁机构申请仲裁；当事人不能就仲裁机构选择达成一致的，仲裁协议无效。

③仲裁协议约定由某地的仲裁机构仲裁且该地仅有一个仲裁机构的，该仲裁机构视为约定的仲裁机构。该地有两个以上仲裁机构的，当事人可以协议选择其中的一个仲裁机构申请仲裁；当事人不能就仲裁机构选择达成一致的，仲裁协议无效。

④当事人约定争议可以向仲裁机构申请仲裁也可以向人民法院起诉的，仲裁协议无效。但一方向仲裁机构申请仲裁，另一方未在仲裁法第二十条第二款规定期间内提出异议的除外。

三、标准的仲裁条款的引用

基于仲裁条款需要满足形式标准，且在实操中需要留意必备要素、推荐要素与可选要素的内容，因此建议采用国际机构或公约提供的示范条款（如UNCITRAL示范法、ICC 标准条款），以确保仲裁条款合法有效。以下为目前流行仲裁机构中推荐使用的标准条款。

1. SIAC Model Clause (Revised as of 12 January 2023)ⁱⁱ

Any dispute arising out of or in connection with this contract, including any question regarding its existence, validity or termination, shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC”） in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC Rules”） for the time being in force, which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference in this clause.

The seat of the arbitration shall be [Singapore].

The Tribunal shall consist of ________arbitrator(s).

The language of the arbitration shall be __________.

[In respect of any court proceedings in Singapore commenced under the International Arbitration Act 1994 in relation to the arbitration, the parties agree (a) to commence such proceedings before the Singapore International Commercial Court (“the SICC”); and (b) in any event, that such proceedings shall be heard and adjudicated by the SICC.]

APPLICABLE LAW

Parties should also include an applicable law clause. The following is recommended:

This contract is governed by the laws of _________________.

2. HKIAC Model Clauseⁱⁱⁱ

"Any dispute, controversy, difference or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, including the existence, validity, interpretation, performance, breach or termination thereof or any dispute regarding non- contractual obligations arising out of or relating to it shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) under the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules in force when the Notice of Arbitration is submitted.

* The law of this arbitration clause shall be ... (Hong Kong law). 

The seat of arbitration shall be ... (Hong Kong).

** The number of arbitrators shall be ... (one or three). The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in ... (insert language).

*** The fees and expenses of the arbitral tribunal shall be determined on the basis of … (Schedule 2 or Schedule 3) of these Rules."

Any dispute, controversy, difference or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, including the existence, validity, interpretation, performance, breach or termination thereof or any dispute regarding non- contractual obligations arising out of or relating to it shall be referred to and finally resolved by arbitration administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) under the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules in force when the Notice of Arbitration is submitted.

* The law of this arbitration clause shall be ... (Hong Kong law). 

The seat of arbitration shall be ... (Hong Kong).

** The number of arbitrators shall be ... (one or three). The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in ... (insert language).

*** The fees and expenses of the arbitral tribunal shall be determined on the basis of … (Schedule 2 or Schedule 3) of these Rules.

3. UNCITRAL Model Clause^iv

Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach, termination or invalidity thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the UNCITRAL Expedited Arbitration Rules (“Expedited Rules”), with the fol- lowing modifications:

(a) The period of time for the parties to reach an agree- ment on the appointment of a sole arbitrator in article 8(2) of the Expedited Rules shall be [7] days after a proposal has been received by all other parties;

(b) The appointing authority shall be [name of institution or person];

(c) The period of time within which the arbitral tribunal shall consult the parties on the manner in which it will conduct the arbitration pursuant to article 9 of the Expedited Rules shall be [7] days;

(d) The period of time within which the award shall be made pursuant to article 16(1) of the Expedited Rules shall be [45] days;

(e) Option I: The extended period of time in article 16(2) of the Expedited Rules shall not exceed a total of [90] days;

OR

Option II: The extended period of time in article 16(2)

of the Expedited Rules shall not exceed a total of [90] days. The period of time within which the award shall be made may not be further extended, and article 16(3) and (4) of the Expedited Rules shall not apply;

(f) The power of the arbitral tribunal pursuant to arti- cle 2(2) of the Expedited Rules to determine that the Expedited Rules shall no longer apply to the arbitration also extends to the power to determine that the modifications to the Expedited Rules contained herein shall no longer apply.

四、仲裁条款的有效性：司法审查与挑战

浙江逸盛石化有限公司诉英威达技术有限公司合同纠纷〔2013〕民四他字第60号

2003 年 4 月 28 日及 6 月 15 日，浙江逸盛石化有限公司（以下简称 “逸盛公司”）与卢森堡英威达技术有限公司（以下简称 “英威达公司”）先后签署两份《技术许可协议》，其中明确约定仲裁条款：“仲裁应当在中国北京中国国际经济贸易仲裁中心（CIETAC）进行，并适用现行有效的《联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则》（The arbitration shall take place at China International Economic Trade Arbitration Centre (CIETAC), Beijing, P.R.China and shall be settled according to the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules as at present in force）。”

2012 年 7 月，英威达公司以逸盛公司存在违约行为为由，依据涉案《技术许可协议》中的仲裁条款，向中国国际经济贸易仲裁中心（CIETAC）提起仲裁。

2012 年 10 月底，逸盛公司向宁波市中级人民法院申请确认涉案仲裁条款无效，理由为：仲裁条款英文原文“The arbitration shall take place at CIETAC Beijing, P.R.China” 中，“take place at” 仅指向 “仲裁地点”（中国北京的 CIETAC 所在地），而非中国《仲裁法》要求的 “选定的仲裁委员会”；双方约定适用《UNCITRAL 仲裁规则》，而非 CIETAC 自身仲裁规则，属于典型的 “临时仲裁” 约定，而中国当时立法不认可境内临时仲裁，且条款未满足《仲裁法》第 16 条 “选定仲裁委员会” 的法定要求。

英威达公司抗辩，认为条款明确提及“CIETAC”属对仲裁机构的约定，且临时仲裁无需列明机构，请求法院驳回逸盛公司申请。

宁波中院、浙江省高级人民法院经审查，初步认为：结合仲裁条款表述及CIETAC 在程序中的角色，涉案条款应认定为临时仲裁条款，拟判定无效。

2012 年后，因案件涉及涉外仲裁条款效力认定，且与中国仲裁制度核心规则相关，宁波中院将案件层报至最高人民法院寻求指导意见。

最高法以“有利于实现当事人仲裁意愿” 为核心解释原则，答复本案观点：虽仲裁条款使用“take place at”通常指向地点，但从当事人“通过仲裁解决争议”的根本意愿出发，可理解为包含对仲裁机构的约定；条款中“CIETAC” 英文简称清晰，即便中文表述未完整列明 “仲裁委员会”，仍可推定当事人选定的是 “北京中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会”，符合《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国仲裁法〉若干问题的解释》第三条“协议约定的仲裁机构名称不准确，但能确定具体机构的，认定选定仲裁机构”的规定。

最终宁波中院依据最高法复函，裁定驳回逸盛公司“确认仲裁条款无效”的诉讼请求。

五、结语

作为《纽约公约》的缔约国，我国始终依托公约框架保障涉外商事纠纷的高效解决，而仲裁协议（尤其是仲裁庭条款）作为跨境裁决“全球执行力” 的起点，其起草质量直接决定争议解决路径的有效性。

为充分契合《纽约公约》对仲裁协议的核心要求，实践中订立仲裁庭条款时，需优先确立“书面形式”与 “争议可仲裁性”两大基础要件，确保协议在公约缔约国范围内具备效力前提；同时注意条款中的实操性，细化程序细节，减少后续争议。唯有如此，才能规避因条款仓促起草导致的效力瑕疵，真正将《纽约公约》的制度优势转化为跨境争议解决的确定性，为中外当事人的商事交往提供稳定、可靠的纠纷解决保障。

注释：

1. 《Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration》

2. https://siac.org.sg/revisions-to-the-siac-model-clause

3. https://www.hkiac.org/zh-hans/arbitration/model-clauses

4. https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/uncitral/en/mc-highly_expedited_arbitration_2419435e-ebook_0.pdf